{
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "attribution": "Japan Trip Tools (triptoolsjapan.com)",
  "note": "Hand-curated koyo 'famous viewing spots vs JMA reference tree' adjustment (DESIGN_koyo_spot_gap.md §4). bloom.json keeps JMA's observatory standard-tree normals untouched; the published tool and date guides shift each city's whole koyo window (normal_start/normal_peak/normal_end) by offset_days. σ is unchanged, and any in-season offsets.json adjustment applies on top. Evidence: research/output_launch/koyo_spot_gap.md (2026-09-24); Matsuyama and Beppu: research/output_launch/new_cities_matsuyama_oita.md (2026-09-29). Never written by research/build_*.py.",
  "method": {
    "spot_selection": "2–3 representative in-city / lowland viewing spots per city (mountain resorts excluded); sources in order of preference: official tourism/site pages, Walkerplus 例年の紅葉見頃, tenki.jp 例年の見頃, Weathernews 例年の見頃, Jorudan 紅葉の見頃. No year-specific forecasts used.",
    "decade_to_day": "上旬 (early) = 5, 中旬 (mid) = 15, 下旬 (late) = 25; a range maps to the midpoint of its two ends (e.g. 11月下旬〜12月上旬 → midpoint of 11-25 and 12-05 = 11-30).",
    "aggregation": "spot midpoint = mean of that spot's source midpoints; spot_peak_mid = mean of the spot midpoints; gap_days_measured = spot_peak_mid − jma_normal_peak (negative = spots peak earlier).",
    "offset_rule": "offset_days = gap_days_measured rounded half away from zero, applied only when |gap| >= 5 days (the ±5-day resolution of 旬 wording); otherwise 0.",
    "exceptions": "aomori: no sourced in-city spot → 0. takamatsu: gap +7.6 is driven by a Jorudan-only spot; Ritsurin Garden alone gives +3.3 → 0. kochi: single spot, included with confidence low. beppu (added 2026-09-29): gap +6.4 rests mostly on Takasakiyama and conflicts with Beppu City's official 'from early November' → 0, confidence low."
  },
  "schema": {
    "id": "bloom.json koyo location id",
    "offset_days": "integer days added to normal_start/normal_peak/normal_end (negative = earlier); 0 = not adjusted",
    "gap_days_measured": "spot_peak_mid − jma_normal_peak in days, as measured (null when no sourced spot)",
    "spot_peak_mid": "mean midpoint of the spots' 例年の見頃 (MM-DD, fractional day allowed)",
    "jma_normal_peak": "the bloom.json normal_peak the gap was measured against (tests fail if bloom.json changes)",
    "confidence": "high | medium | low | null — source quality per the research file §3",
    "note": "optional free text",
    "spots": "one row per quoted source: name (Japanese), name_en, wording (original 例年の見頃 text), source (publisher tag), source_url"
  },
  "entries": [
    {
      "id": "sapporo",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": -2.8,
      "spot_peak_mid": "10-25",
      "jma_normal_peak": "10-28",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "中島公園",
          "name_en": "Nakajima Park",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 10月下旬～11月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0101e562738/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "中島公園",
          "name_en": "Nakajima Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 10月中旬～10月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:札幌観光協会)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0663.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "北大イチョウ並木",
          "name_en": "Hokkaido University Ginkgo Avenue",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 10月下旬～11月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0101e562733/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "北大イチョウ並木",
          "name_en": "Hokkaido University Ginkgo Avenue",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 10月下旬～11月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0482.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "円山公園",
          "name_en": "Maruyama Park",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 10月中旬～10月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0101e12945/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "円山公園",
          "name_en": "Maruyama Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 10月中旬～10月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:札幌観光協会)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0662.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "aomori",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": null,
      "spot_peak_mid": null,
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-13",
      "confidence": null,
      "note": "No reliable source for the typical peak of an in-city (lowland) spot; the only sourced spots are Hakkoda-area mountain sites (600–1,000 m+). Offset kept at 0.",
      "spots": []
    },
    {
      "id": "sendai",
      "offset_days": -5,
      "gap_days_measured": -5.2,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-16",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-21",
      "confidence": "high",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "瑞鳳殿",
          "name_en": "Zuihoden",
          "wording": "見頃 / 11月中旬〜下旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.sentabi.jp/features/45"
        },
        {
          "name": "瑞鳳殿",
          "name_en": "Zuihoden",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0204e478830/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "定禅寺通",
          "name_en": "Jozenji-dori",
          "wording": "見頃 / 11月中旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.sentabi.jp/features/45"
        },
        {
          "name": "西公園",
          "name_en": "Nishi Park",
          "wording": "見頃 / 11月中旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.sentabi.jp/features/45"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "niigata",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": -0.8,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-14",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-15",
      "confidence": "high",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "旧齋藤家別邸",
          "name_en": "Former Saito Family Villa",
          "wording": "シーズン 11月中旬～下旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.nvcb.or.jp/feature/autumn"
        },
        {
          "name": "旧齋藤家別邸",
          "name_en": "Former Saito Family Villa",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:新潟県観光協会)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0167.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "白山公園",
          "name_en": "Hakusan Park",
          "wording": "シーズン 11月中旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.nvcb.or.jp/feature/autumn"
        },
        {
          "name": "北方文化博物館",
          "name_en": "Northern Culture Museum",
          "wording": "シーズン 11月上旬～下旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.nvcb.or.jp/feature/autumn"
        },
        {
          "name": "北方文化博物館",
          "name_en": "Northern Culture Museum",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:新潟県観光協会)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0166.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kanazawa",
      "offset_days": -6,
      "gap_days_measured": -5.7,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-18.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-24",
      "confidence": "high",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "兼六園",
          "name_en": "Kenrokuen",
          "wording": "紅葉の見ごろは例年11月中旬〜下旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.kanazawa-kankoukyoukai.or.jp/article/detail_152.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "兼六園",
          "name_en": "Kenrokuen",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月上旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0517e13010/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "兼六園",
          "name_en": "Kenrokuen",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月上旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/4/20/"
        },
        {
          "name": "金沢城公園 玉泉院丸庭園",
          "name_en": "Kanazawa Castle Park (Gyokusen-inmaru Garden)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬〜11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0517e478831/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "アメリカ楓通り",
          "name_en": "America Kaede-dori",
          "wording": "紅葉の見ごろは例年11月中旬〜下旬（まちなかの紅葉スポット）",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.kanazawa-kankoukyoukai.or.jp/article/detail_152.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "アメリカ楓通り",
          "name_en": "America Kaede-dori",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:金沢市)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0175.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nagano",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": 1.2,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-13",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-12",
      "confidence": "low",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "阿弥陀山 清水寺(若穂)",
          "name_en": "Kiyomizu-dera (Wakaho)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃 11月中旬〜11月下旬",
          "source": "ウェザーニュース",
          "source_url": "https://weathernews.jp/koyo/spot/24889/"
        },
        {
          "name": "久米路峡(信州新町)",
          "name_en": "Kumeji Gorge (Shinshushinmachi)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月上旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0420e12597/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "久米路峡(信州新町)",
          "name_en": "Kumeji Gorge (Shinshushinmachi)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃 10月下旬〜11月中旬",
          "source": "ウェザーニュース",
          "source_url": "https://weathernews.jp/koyo/spot/24812/"
        },
        {
          "name": "久米路峡(信州新町)",
          "name_en": "Kumeji Gorge (Shinshushinmachi)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：10月中旬～11月中旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/3/23/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tokyo",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": 0.3,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-28.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-28",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "六義園",
          "name_en": "Rikugien",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0313e12667/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "六義園",
          "name_en": "Rikugien",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月下旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/3/16/"
        },
        {
          "name": "六義園",
          "name_en": "Rikugien",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_55007.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "明治神宮外苑(イチョウ並木)",
          "name_en": "Meiji Jingu Gaien Ginkgo Avenue",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0313e12672/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "明治神宮外苑(イチョウ並木)",
          "name_en": "Meiji Jingu Gaien Ginkgo Avenue",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/3/16/"
        },
        {
          "name": "新宿御苑",
          "name_en": "Shinjuku Gyoen",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0313e392494/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "新宿御苑",
          "name_en": "Shinjuku Gyoen",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月上旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0002.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "yokohama",
      "offset_days": -17,
      "gap_days_measured": -17.3,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-26.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-14",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "三溪園",
          "name_en": "Sankeien",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0314e123975/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "三溪園",
          "name_en": "Sankeien",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/3/17/"
        },
        {
          "name": "三溪園",
          "name_en": "Sankeien",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_69995.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "日本大通り(イチョウ)",
          "name_en": "Nihon-odori (ginkgo)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0314e373603/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "日本大通り(イチョウ)",
          "name_en": "Nihon-odori (ginkgo)",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0122.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "山下公園通り(イチョウ)",
          "name_en": "Yamashita Park Avenue (ginkgo)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0314e394013/data.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "shizuoka",
      "offset_days": -8,
      "gap_days_measured": -7.5,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-27.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-05",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "駿府城公園",
          "name_en": "Sumpu Castle Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_104898.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "久能山東照宮(日本平)",
          "name_en": "Kunozan Toshogu (Nihondaira)",
          "wording": "久能山東照宮周辺の紅葉は11月下旬から12月上旬が見頃",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.toshogu.or.jp/season/autumn.php"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nagoya",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": -1.9,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-26",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-28",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "徳川園",
          "name_en": "Tokugawaen",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0623e13202/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "白鳥庭園",
          "name_en": "Shirotori Garden",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0623e13199/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "白鳥庭園",
          "name_en": "Shirotori Garden",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0197.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "東山動植物園",
          "name_en": "Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0623e124205/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "東山動植物園",
          "name_en": "Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/5/26/"
        },
        {
          "name": "東山動植物園",
          "name_en": "Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0070.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kyoto",
      "offset_days": -10,
      "gap_days_measured": -10.3,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-24.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-05",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "note": "Adding Kiyomizu-dera as a fourth spot (Walkerplus/tenki.jp 11月下旬～12月上旬) gives a gap of −9.1 days; not included in the measured value.",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "東福寺",
          "name_en": "Tofuku-ji",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0726e13141/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "東福寺",
          "name_en": "Tofuku-ji",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_61416.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "永観堂(禅林寺)",
          "name_en": "Eikando (Zenrin-ji)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0726e13137/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "永観堂(禅林寺)",
          "name_en": "Eikando (Zenrin-ji)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/29/"
        },
        {
          "name": "嵐山",
          "name_en": "Arashiyama",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0726e13147/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "嵐山",
          "name_en": "Arashiyama",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/29/"
        },
        {
          "name": "嵐山",
          "name_en": "Arashiyama",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_55089.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "osaka",
      "offset_days": -9,
      "gap_days_measured": -8.5,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-22.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-01",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "大阪城公園",
          "name_en": "Osaka Castle Park",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月上旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0727e154680/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "大阪城公園",
          "name_en": "Osaka Castle Park",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/30/"
        },
        {
          "name": "大阪城公園",
          "name_en": "Osaka Castle Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月上旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0119.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "万博記念公園(吹田市)",
          "name_en": "Expo '70 Commemorative Park (Suita)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月上旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0727e154676/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "万博記念公園(吹田市)",
          "name_en": "Expo '70 Commemorative Park (Suita)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/30/"
        },
        {
          "name": "万博記念公園(吹田市)",
          "name_en": "Expo '70 Commemorative Park (Suita)",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月上旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_55091.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "nara",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": -3.8,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-17",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-21",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "奈良公園",
          "name_en": "Nara Park",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 10月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0729e12962/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "奈良公園",
          "name_en": "Nara Park",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：10月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/32/"
        },
        {
          "name": "奈良公園",
          "name_en": "Nara Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 10月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_55100.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "依水園",
          "name_en": "Isuien",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0729e154704/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "依水園",
          "name_en": "Isuien",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0140.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kobe",
      "offset_days": -6,
      "gap_days_measured": -5.7,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-25.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-01",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "相楽園",
          "name_en": "Sorakuen",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0728e478329/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "須磨離宮公園",
          "name_en": "Suma Rikyu Park",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0728e154701/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "須磨離宮公園",
          "name_en": "Suma Rikyu Park",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/31/"
        },
        {
          "name": "須磨離宮公園",
          "name_en": "Suma Rikyu Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月上旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_104844.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "須磨寺",
          "name_en": "Suma-dera",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0728e160401/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "須磨寺",
          "name_en": "Suma-dera",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/6/31/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "hiroshima",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": 3.0,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-25",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-22",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "縮景園",
          "name_en": "Shukkeien",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0834e570894/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "三瀧寺",
          "name_en": "Mitaki-dera",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:広島県)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0340.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "宮島・紅葉谷公園(廿日市市)",
          "name_en": "Miyajima Momijidani Park (Hatsukaichi)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0834e13188/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "宮島・紅葉谷公園(廿日市市)",
          "name_en": "Miyajima Momijidani Park (Hatsukaichi)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/7/37/"
        },
        {
          "name": "宮島・紅葉谷公園(廿日市市)",
          "name_en": "Miyajima Momijidani Park (Hatsukaichi)",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_55128.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "takamatsu",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": 7.6,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-30.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-23",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "note": "Exception: offset kept at 0. The +7.6-day gap is pulled by Shikoku Mura, sourced only by Jorudan; Ritsurin Garden alone (4 sources incl. the Kagawa tourism association) gives +3.3 days, below the 5-day threshold.",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "栗林公園",
          "name_en": "Ritsurin Garden",
          "wording": "例年の見ごろ：11月中旬～12月初旬頃",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.my-kagawa.jp/feature/kouyou/ritsurin-park"
        },
        {
          "name": "栗林公園",
          "name_en": "Ritsurin Garden",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0937e154763/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "栗林公園",
          "name_en": "Ritsurin Garden",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/8/40/"
        },
        {
          "name": "栗林公園",
          "name_en": "Ritsurin Garden",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_55141.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "四国村ミウゼアム(屋島)",
          "name_en": "Shikoku Mura Museum (Yashima)",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0063.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "matsuyama",
      "offset_days": -11,
      "gap_days_measured": -10.8,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-24.2",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-05",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "note": "Added 2026-09-29 (research/output_launch/new_cities_matsuyama_oita.md). Matsuyama City's official FAQ (early to late November) groups Okudogo and the Ninomaru garden with Mt. Takanawa (986 m) and may run early; without that one source the gap is −6.7 days, still above the 5-day threshold. Matsuyama Castle alone gives −5.0.",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "松山城(本丸)",
          "name_en": "Matsuyama Castle (Honmaru)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0938e154770/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "松山城(本丸)",
          "name_en": "Matsuyama Castle (Honmaru)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/8/41/30733.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "松山城(本丸)",
          "name_en": "Matsuyama Castle (Honmaru)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃 11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "ウェザーニュース",
          "source_url": "https://weathernews.jp/koyo/spot/27320/"
        },
        {
          "name": "松山城二之丸史跡庭園",
          "name_en": "Matsuyama Castle Ninomaru Historic Garden",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar0938e154772/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "松山城二之丸史跡庭園",
          "name_en": "Matsuyama Castle Ninomaru Historic Garden",
          "wording": "市内では、奥道後や高縄山、二之丸史跡庭園が紅葉の場所として有名で、11月上旬から下旬が見頃",
          "source": "公式(松山市)",
          "source_url": "https://info-faq.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/faq/show/600?site_domain=default"
        },
        {
          "name": "奥道後(壱湯の守・石手川沿い)",
          "name_en": "Okudogo (Ichiyu no Mori, Ishite River)",
          "wording": "市内では、奥道後や高縄山、二之丸史跡庭園が紅葉の場所として有名で、11月上旬から下旬が見頃",
          "source": "公式(松山市)",
          "source_url": "https://info-faq.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/faq/show/600?site_domain=default"
        },
        {
          "name": "奥道後(壱湯の守・石手川沿い)",
          "name_en": "Okudogo (Ichiyu no Mori, Ishite River)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃 11月下旬〜12月上旬",
          "source": "ウェザーニュース",
          "source_url": "https://weathernews.jp/koyo/spot/27301/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kochi",
      "offset_days": -7,
      "gap_days_measured": -7.0,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-25",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-02",
      "confidence": "low",
      "note": "Low confidence: a single spot (on Godaisan, ~100 m elevation); no source found for the typical peak at Kochi Castle.",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "五台山 竹林寺",
          "name_en": "Chikurin-ji (Godaisan)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃 11月下旬",
          "source": "ウェザーニュース",
          "source_url": "https://weathernews.jp/koyo/spot/27412/"
        },
        {
          "name": "五台山 竹林寺",
          "name_en": "Chikurin-ji (Godaisan)",
          "wording": "見ごろ時期 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "るるぶ&more",
          "source_url": "https://rurubu.jp/andmore/spot/80037095/koyo"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "fukuoka",
      "offset_days": -9,
      "gap_days_measured": -9.4,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-21.5",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-01",
      "confidence": "medium",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "舞鶴公園(福岡城跡)",
          "name_en": "Maizuru Park (Fukuoka Castle ruins)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月上旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar1040e392206/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "舞鶴公園(福岡城跡)",
          "name_en": "Maizuru Park (Fukuoka Castle ruins)",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 10月下旬～11月上旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:福岡市)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0273.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "友泉亭公園",
          "name_en": "Yusentei Park",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar1040e373055/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "友泉亭公園",
          "name_en": "Yusentei Park",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月中旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:福岡市)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0271.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "楽水園",
          "name_en": "Rakusuien",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 11月中旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar1040e366303/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "楽水園",
          "name_en": "Rakusuien",
          "wording": "紅葉の見頃 11月下旬",
          "source": "ジョルダン(提供:福岡市)",
          "source_url": "https://sp.jorudan.co.jp/leaf/spot_J0272.html"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "beppu",
      "offset_days": 0,
      "gap_days_measured": 6.4,
      "spot_peak_mid": "12-04.4",
      "jma_normal_peak": "11-28",
      "confidence": "low",
      "note": "Added 2026-09-29 (research/output_launch/new_cities_matsuyama_oita.md). JMA normal is the Oita station (大分), about 10 km from Beppu; Beppu has none. Exception: offset kept at 0 (like Takamatsu). The +6.4-day gap is dominated by one spot, Takasakiyama (+10.8 alone; its four sources share near-identical wording); Tekizanso alone gives +2.0. Beppu City's official FAQ says autumn colour in the city starts in early November (https://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/sisetu/kouen_tyuusyajyou/03kouen_03-01faq.html), the opposite direction. Beppu's own sourced spots are highland (Beppu Ropeway / Mt. Tsurumi, Lake Shidaka at 600 m; about −25 days) and are excluded like other mountain sites.",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "高崎山自然動物園(大分市)",
          "name_en": "Takasakiyama Natural Zoo (Oita City)",
          "wording": "例年の紅葉見頃 12月上旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "Walkerplus",
          "source_url": "https://koyo.walkerplus.com/detail/ar1044e154800/data.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "高崎山自然動物園(大分市)",
          "name_en": "Takasakiyama Natural Zoo (Oita City)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃：12月上旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "tenki.jp",
          "source_url": "https://tenki.jp/kouyou/9/47/30739.html"
        },
        {
          "name": "高崎山自然動物園(大分市)",
          "name_en": "Takasakiyama Natural Zoo (Oita City)",
          "wording": "例年の見頃 12月上旬",
          "source": "ウェザーニュース",
          "source_url": "https://weathernews.jp/koyo/spot/28315/"
        },
        {
          "name": "高崎山自然動物園(大分市)",
          "name_en": "Takasakiyama Natural Zoo (Oita City)",
          "wording": "見頃／12月上旬～12月中旬",
          "source": "公式(大分県)",
          "source_url": "https://www.visit-oita.jp/topics/detail/416"
        },
        {
          "name": "的山荘 庭園(日出町)",
          "name_en": "Tekizanso garden (Hiji)",
          "wording": "見頃／11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "公式(大分県)",
          "source_url": "https://www.visit-oita.jp/topics/detail/416"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kagoshima",
      "offset_days": -15,
      "gap_days_measured": -15.0,
      "spot_peak_mid": "11-30",
      "jma_normal_peak": "12-15",
      "confidence": "high",
      "note": "The research lists two official URLs for three quotes; the Jiganji Park quote-to-URL pairing follows each site's wording format.",
      "spots": [
        {
          "name": "仙巌園",
          "name_en": "Sengan-en",
          "wording": "例年の見頃／11月下旬〜12月上旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.kagoshima-kankou.com/feature/kouyou/nakasatsu"
        },
        {
          "name": "慈眼寺公園",
          "name_en": "Jiganji Park",
          "wording": "紅葉（見頃）：11月下旬～12月上旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.kagoshima-yokanavi.jp/spot/10008"
        },
        {
          "name": "慈眼寺公園",
          "name_en": "Jiganji Park",
          "wording": "例年の見頃／11月下旬〜12月上旬",
          "source": "公式",
          "source_url": "https://www.kagoshima-kankou.com/feature/kouyou/nakasatsu"
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}